jeudi 31 mai 2007

17. Le blocus de Berlin (juin 48-mai 49)

La situation de l'Allemagne en 1945 : A Potsdam, en juillet-août 1945, les Alliés décident de séparer l'Allemagne en 4 zones d'occupation: britannique, française, états-unienne, et soviétique. Berlin bien que située dans la zone soviétique est elle aussi divisée en 4.

Montée des tensions entre occidentaux et soviétiques : Mais en juin 1948, sans avoir consulté Staline, les occidentaux décident de créer le Deutsche Mark et la Trizone (entente économique) dans les zones française, britannique, états-unienne. Staline proteste contre cette violation des accords de Potsdam, en vertu desquels les 4 puissances occupantes détenaient une souveraineté collective sur l’Allemagne.

Blocus soviétique : En signe de protestation, Staline organise un blocus de Berlin ouest. Les lignes de chemin de fer, les canaux et les routes en direction de Berlin-Ouest sont bloquées.

En réponse le pont aérien des occidentaux: En réponse pendant 11 mois, les occidentaux vont organiser un gigantesque pont aérien pour ravitailler Berlin ouest : un avion cargo toutes les 3 minutes. Pour les Berlinois, malgré ce pont aérien, la vie est difficile et les produits alimentaires trop rares. Cela les amène à multiplier les potagers sur leurs terrains et à manger les animaux du zoo de Berlin...

Levée du Blocus et création de la RFA et de la RDA : En mai 1949, Satline doit se résigner et lever le blocus. Mais ces 11 mois vont accentuer la séparation de l'Allemagne en deux. En mai 1949, les occidentaux créent à l'ouest la RFA. Tandis que, dans la zone soviétique, est créée en octobre 1949 la RDA.



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